And yes, the end of a module,
the familiar orange surrounding giving you that warmth, knowing
that you've achieved something a little bit more.
So of course,
we've been looking at our Linux file permissions or the
file mode in Linux, as it's known.
The default permissions on a file is 666. On a directory, it's 777.
However,
we might not see that because we have something called the umask, the
umask that is used to remove permissions from the default.
We don't add permissions.
We can only remove permissions.
We list permissions using either the ls ‑l, our long
listing to ls, or we can use stat.
We can look at the full stat information or pull out just specific information
using the ‑c and % uppercase or lowercase a, depending whether we want to see
our permissions in the octal or symbolic format.
When we're setting our permissions, we use chmod, changing the mode of a file.
And again, we can use a numeric octal notation or using the symbolic notation.
It's our choice.
But remember,
there are more things that we can do with our symbols than we
can do with octal notation. When we're setting our file
ownership, chown is really for changing the user owner and
chgrp for changing the group owner.
But we've also seen that using chown, we can set both
user and the group owner. And that's it.
You're an expert on your file permissions.
But remember, we've only looked at the standard file permissions. We'll be
coming back in our next module where we take a look at securing things just a little bit more by using special permissions.