In this lesson,
we're going to discuss command and control
or C2 frameworks.
C2 frameworks are good tools to have in post-exploitation,
allowing penetration testers to manage compromised systems,
execute commands, and maintain persistence
within a target network.
We will cover three C2 frameworks:
Empire, Covenant, and Mythic.
First, let's explore Empire.
Empire is a post-exploitation framework
that utilizes PowerShell and Python
to facilitate penetration testing tasks
on Windows and Linux systems.
It includes a variety of modules that can be used
for tasks such as keylogging, credential dumping,
and lateral movement.
One of the key features of Empire is its ability
to operate without needing powershell.exe.
Not using powershell.exe helps evade detection
by traditional security measures.
It is important to note though,
the original developers
of Empire are no longer maintaining it.
The tool is now maintained by a community within Kali Linux.
Empire allows testers to quickly deploy PowerShell agents
across a network and execute complex post-exploitation task.
For example, after gaining access to the target,
you can use Empire to run a PowerShell agent
that captures keystrokes
or extracts password hashes from memory.
The flexibility and power
of Empire makes it a valuable tool,
but its widespread recognition means defenders are often
on a lookout for a signature.
Next let's take a look at Covenant.
Covenant is a .NET-based command
and control framework designed to leverage the capabilities
of the .NET framework across multiple platform,
including Windows, Linux, and macOS.
Similar to Empire, Covenant supports a wide range
of post-exploitation activities,
but focuses on using the .NET framework to avoid detection
and leverage the cross-platform capabilities.
Covenant provides a modern web-based interface
for managing compromised systems,
making it user-friendly
and efficient for penetration testers.
For instance, if you have compromised a web server running
on Windows, you can employ a Covenant agent
to execute .NET commands, dump credentials,
and maintain access over prolonged periods.
Covenant's cross-platform nature
and extensive module library make it a versatile tool
in a tester's arsenal.
Finally, let's take a look at Mythic.
Mythic is a cross-platform, command-line based,
open-source C2 framework that supports a lot
of different payloads.
Mythic is known for its modular architecture,
which allows users to customize
and extend its functionality easily.
It provides a user-friendly interface
and robust API support,
making it useful to various penetration testing scenarios.
Mythic's ability to integrate with different payloads
and its emphasis on modularity means
that pen testers can tailor
their post-exploitation strategies
to fit the specific requirements of the engagement.
For example, if you need to maintain control
over a compromised macOS system,
you can use the Apfell payload to manage task
and execute commands with a low chance of being detected.
Mythic flexibility and comprehensive feature set
make it an excellent choice
for managing complex penetration tests.
So remember, understanding and utilizing command
and control frameworks such as Empire,
Covenant, and Mythic is important
for effective post-exploitation activities and pentesting.
These tools enable you to manage compromised systems,
execute a wide range of tasks,
and maintain persistence within the target networks.
By leveraging the strengths of each framework,
you can adapt your approach to fit the specific needs
of your engagement and achieve your testing objectives
efficiently and effectively.